The use of crystallized intelligence involves recalling pre-existing information, such as historical dates and events. It also refers to the ability to use skills and knowledge you acquired in the past. It results from accumulated knowledge, including the ability to reason, language skills, and knowledge of technology. Related: How to Become a Psychologist in Canada (With Duties) What is crystallized intelligence?Ĭrystallized intelligence refers to stored knowledge. This suggests that intelligence is made up of different mental abilities and skills that interact and work together to produce a person's overall intelligence. His former student, the cognitive psychologist John Leonard Horn, developed the theory further, and together they came up with the Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. This means you can make use of one type of intelligence without impacting the other. In this book, he argued that while you can direct fluid intelligence and utilize it to address any challenge or situation you're facing, crystallized intelligence involves knowledge acquisition and crystallized skills. ![]() He published a book entitled “Intelligence: Its Structure, Growth, and Action” to discuss his theory in full. Raymond Cattell introduced and developed the concept of crystallized and fluid intelligence. Related: Naturalist Intelligence: Definition and Ways to Develop It Origin of the theory of intelligence Examples of the use of crystallized intelligence include vocabulary exams, remembering history, and recalling formulae to solve mathematical problems. Crystallized intelligence includes wisdom and involves practical, factual, general, and specialized knowledge.Īpplication: People use their fluid intelligence when facing situations that require creating strategies and solving problems. Crystallized intelligence generally increases with age, peaks later in life, and then starts to decline at 60 or 70.įunction: Fluid intelligence includes working memory, processing and reasoning speed, cognitive control, complex skills, creativity, and attention tasks. Relationship with age: While fluid intelligence usually peaks early in life, research found that some aspects of this intelligence peak at around 40 years old and then decline during late adulthood. This explains why a person with high fluid intelligence may find it difficult to remember things from the past, while a person with high crystallized intelligence may excel at tasks that require rote memorization. ![]() Memory: Fluid intelligence uses the brain's short-term memory, while crystallized intelligence uses long-term memory. This means that a person with high fluid intelligence may be able to understand a new concept more quickly than someone with high crystallized intelligence. Type of information: Fluid intelligence involves the utilization of new knowledge without relying on experience and accumulated knowledge, while crystallized intelligence makes use of stored knowledge. Their key differences are in these areas: They serve different functions and perform specialized roles that suit particular situations involving mental exercises. Related: How Intelligence Test Types Can Help Inform Your Career Differences between crystallized and fluid intelligenceįluid and crystallized intelligence are equally important. ![]() These then move to the mind's long-term memory bank and eventually become a part of crystallized intelligence. Using fluid intelligence to develop a strategy when facing a challenge leads to learning about new information and techniques. Instead, they complement each other, especially when you apply them to novel situations. Despite what the names suggest, fluid intelligence doesn't concretize to form crystallized intelligence. While both make up general intelligence, they form separate and distinct ideas. fluid intelligence involves a discussion of their relationship and connection to each other. fluid intelligenceĭifferentiating crystallized vs. fluid intelligence, define each type, and describe how intelligence can change throughout a person's lifespan. In this article, we explain the differences between crystallized vs. Learning about these may help you understand how people gather and retain information and how these two types of intelligence apply to you. ![]() In the 1960s, the British-American psychologist Raymond Cattell introduced the theory of crystallized and fluid intelligence as two different types of intelligence. In biology and psychology, intelligence refers to the general mental ability for learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and reasoning.
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